1. Introduction and Purpose
2. Theory of Operation
   1. Strong Acid Cation
   2. Dealkalization
   3. Weak Acid Cation
   4. Strong Base Anion
   5. Weak Base Anion
   6. Mixed-bed Polishers
   7. Condensate Polishers
3. Demineralizer Costs and Regeneration
   1. General
   2. Service Cycle: Strong Acid Cation
      1. Backwash
      2. Acid Injection
      3. Slow Rinse
      4. Fast Rinse
      5. Return to Service or Standby
   3. Service Cycle: Strong Base Anion
      1. Backwash
      2. Regeneration
      3. Slow Rinse
      4. Fast Rinse
      5. Return to Service or Standby
   4. Other Anion Resin Types
4. Troubleshooting the Demineralizer
   1. Strong Acid Cation
      1. High Sodium Leakage (Low FMA)
      2. High Free Mineral Acidity
      3. Low Capacity
   2. Strong Base Anion
      1. High Effluent Conductivity
      2. High Silica Leakage
      3. Low Capacity
5. Useful Data
   1. Table: Ion Exchange Conversion Factors
   2. Table: Treated Water Characteristics for Various Ion Exchange Systems
   3. Table: Regenerant Specifications and Solution Data
   4. Table: Sulphuric Acid Specifications and Solution Data
   5. Table: Hydrochloric Acid Specifications and Solution Data
   6. Table: Caustic Specifications and Solution Data